Bureaucratic organization

Bureaucratic organization 2.1.0 Developing change process using a change models Unfreezing ) Movement ) Refreezing 2.2.0 Stakeholder Involvement in Change Process:- Customers Employees Owner/operators Suppliers Share holders Local communities Managing Change is a structured approach to Individuals, Team and Organizations from a current state to a desired future state. Introduction is a British-based international grocery and general merchandising retail chain. It is the largest British retailer by both global sales and domestic market share with profits exceeding  £6 billion. It is currently the third largest global retailer based on revenue, behind Wal-Mart and Frances Carrefour but second largest based on profit, ahead of Carrefour. Originally specializing in food and drink, it has diversified into areas such as clothing, consumer electronics, financial services, telecoms, home, health and car insurance, dental plans, retailing and renting DVDs, CDs, music downloads, Internet services, and software. Organizational Structure Jack Cohen founded Tesco in 1919 when he began to sell surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. The Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. The name came about after Jack Cohen bought a shipment of tea from T.E. Stock well. He made new labels using the first three letters of the suppliers name (TES), and the first two letters of his surname (CO), forming the word TESCO. The first Tesco store was opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware, Middlesex. Tesco floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1947 as Tesco Stores (Holdings) Limited. The first self service store opened in St Albans in 1951 (still operational in 2008 as a Metro), and the first supermarket in Maldon in 1956. During the 1950s and the 1960s Tesco grew organically, but also through acquisitions until it owned more than 800 stores. The company purchased 70 Williamsons stores (1957), 200 Harrow Stores outlets (1959), 212 Irwins stores (1960).. 1.1.2 Product Originally specializing in food and drink, it has diversified into areas such as clothing, consumer electronics, financial services, telecoms, home, health and car insurance, dental plans, retailing and renting DVDs, CDs, music downloads, Internet services, and software. 1.1.3 Market characteristics As mentioned above, any super market can be analyzed for its attractiveness to a particular company or organization on a number of different characteristics. Some of the more significant market characteristics that should be considered are actual market size, market growth rate, number of competitors, Intensity of competition, Production level. Tescos UK stores are divided into six formats, differentiated by size and the range of products sold. Which is One stop, Tesco Express, Tesco Metro, Tesco super stores, Tesco Extra and now they are planning to open a Mega Tesco. Where customers will have more availability and they can get everything they 1.1.4 Operating Strategies. There are few competitors in the market so that Tesco has become much more competitive in the recent years. Tesco always changes its strategies to remain No.1 in UK. I Past Strategy. Almost a decade ago Tesco strategy was to beat other competitors prices and become the UKs cheapest brand. Tescos was fully focused on selling large quantities of poor quality products on low prices. II Current Strategy. Currently Tescos marketing strategy has been based around a database strategy driving a huge direct marketing campaign. There customer base (as recorded by the details provided by the hugely successful Club Card Scheme) almost exactly mirrors the demographic make-up of the UK. Simply this means they have somehow managed to be all things to all men. They have between 7m and 8m different variations on the mailings going out to their clients based upon demographic and transactional data. The objective has always been to up-sell to their existing customers through acquiring better customer data and meeting their needs. Now, through providing customers with what they want, the most significant strategy has been aimed at increasing the non-food section by capitalising on the growing need for one-stop-shopping created by an increasingly time-starved population. Drives of changes in todays economy As organizations evolve and come to be seen as dynamic, coping systems, the concept of how they change and methods by which they manage change has continued to be refined. Managing a process of change in an organization can be a highly complex task and is often essential for effective organizational development (OD). This article will provide an overview of the change process faced by many organizations. Different models of change will be highlighted and the resistance to change displayed by many employees will be examined. 1.2.1 Factors of Change Organizations face huge pressures to change, from both internal and external sources, internal forces to change are often as a result of long-term external forces. For example, a banks internal pressure to adopt an Internet banking system, as a result of more and more other banks going online. Internal factors of change The factors internal to an organization that force changes can be identified through a formal analysis method. Most common among these methods is S.W.O.T. analysis. Strengths An organizations strengths, which help identify a competitive advantage or unique selling point, are of vital importance when deciding on changing the focus of the company. Deciding to push certain products or features in favor of dropping others, (like Apple did in recent) years can reinvent the organization. Weaknesses An organizations weaknesses are a real motivation to change. Weaknesses identified internally in a companys product or service, will require immediate attention and changing. Quite often (especially with service based companies), the weakness would be resolved by a cultural change. Opportunities Opportunities that present themselves, like new contracts on other continents will force changes in the company, sometimes as simple as new working hours. With the differences in different customer expectations, modern companies need to remain flexible. Flexibility is a major cultural change that needs to be introduced. Threats Threats to an organization, usually in the form of competitors and substitution products force a company to react. To react effectively companies have to react quickly, which is a cultural change in a company. External Factors of change The factors external to an organization that force changes can be identified through the PESTELI acronym. Political Political factors would include the current and potential influences from political pressures such as unions and national pay agreements. Economic The local, national and world economy impact can force an organization into changing their work practices or even product prices. Social Changes in lifestyle absolutely force changes in organizations (e.g. iPod), but at a cultural level, socially changing attitudes towards work or ethical issues can also have effects on the culture inside an organization. Technical The ever-changing technical world in which we live has probably the most profound effect on organizational culture of all external factors. Technical advancements that allow employees to work from home, working teams to be separated by great distances and for customers to be located on the opposite side of the world from their suppliers. Anything that changes the day-to-day work of the employees has a profound effect on the organizations culture. Ecological The local, national and world ecological and environmental issues that have effects on culture at national levels filter down into the organizational culture within a company. Legislative The legal issues both locally and at an EU level, such as taxes and working time regulations also have effects on culture at a national level, filter down into the organizational culture within a company. Industry Industry changes have a huge effect on national culture. The move away from agriculture into industrial and now information economies has greatly changed the national working culture. Organizational Structure (Bureaucratic organization) Purpose: to track changes in management paradigms from the bureaucratic to the post-bureaucratic to the learning organization model, highlighting core differentiating features of each paradigm as well as necessary ingredients for successful evolution. Design/methodology/approach: the article takes the form of a literature review and critical analysis. Findings: the complexity of the learning organization necessitates gradual evolution. The successful integration of the characteristics of post-bureaucratic firms empowerment, teamwork, trust, communication, commitment, and flexibility coupled with an emergent systems perspective can provide improved understanding of how the learning organization disciplines may actually materialize. Originality/value: linking two traditionally encapsulated areas of research namely post-bureaucratic organizations and learning organizations, highlighting an interesting roadmap for successful convergence of post-bureaucratic organizations towards learni ng organizations The strengths of a bureaucratic organization are: More control over the employees with clear rules and regulations No confusion as the reporting relationships is clear and well defined. The system is centralized and all the decisions can be monitored There is standardization and everyone has to follow the same procedure The weaknesses are: The decision making and all the other processes are very slow The jobs may become boring for the employees The communication has to go through so many levels that it gets distorted. Too much control discourages innovation and creativity. There are too many levels in the hierarchy. The bureaucracy itself encourages political behavior and people try to use other means to go up the hierarchy 2.1.0 Developing change process using a change models Lewins (1951) initiated a model of the change process as one consisting of the three phases which are. i) Unfreezing, reducing the factors and behaviors which maintain the status quo. ii) Movement, creating and developing new behaviors and implementing the change. iii) Refreezing, stabilizing the new behaviors and structure. The first change implemented by the management takeover, which of replacing the HR and Engineering Manager for individuals versed in Japanese philosophy and production methods, sent out a company-wide signal that change could, and would impact everyone at any level within the company. Whether this was intentional or not, this marked the true starting block for cultural change in Byrashi Mouldings. The subsequent changes implemented by the management team, were widespread, with no facet of the company remaining untouched. The changes can be broken down into the following areas -Adoption of Japanese manufacturing systems modernization of plant, which implied by â€Å"two years of rebuilding the plant investment in company, it implies a future -Reshaping work practices cell manufacturing process, industrial workforce into work teams, skills training for all staff Everybody applied for the Team Leader position Flattening and streamlining the organization by eliminating unnecessary tiers of management, â€Å"redundancies, bit heavily into the middle management cadre.† Due to the unprofitability of Byrashi Mouldings, which was commonly known, the voluntary and compulsory redundancies, this created a ‘do or die culture, and assisted in creating an environment where the only viable option for all the employees was to embrace change. All these movements/changes from all over the company are implemented to assist the first stage of managing change, that of unfreezing the existing structure. Computer Room implies continuous learning and change, which is normal for Japanese companies, which do Continuous Improvement equal-opportunity to all the employees of the company. The continuous-training programme gives a stable refreezing stage upon the organisation. Cultural change is not incremental and each stage of the change is important to impact the organisational cultural change. On the respect of the cultural norms of workforce, on the short or medium term, the first two stage takes a more significant impact on; while on the long term, the last stage which establishes a continuous improving system will take a more important impact on. Stakeholder Involvement in Change Process:- Customers: Explain the customers at the shop level, every time they come for shopping they should be told about the change by cashiers or at customer service desk. At the same time toll-free numbers, email or website should be able to explain all the queries. Employees: Line managers should arrange one to one meetings with the staff and explain the change process. Also Free company magazine (Tescos One Team), Staff benefits website, weekly news, daily updates and Team 5 messages should be used to answers all the questions and communicate to everyone in the business. Owner/operators: Company owner/operator explain the benefits for long or short run in directors meeting and also sending them special notes or emails. Suppliers: Company directors/Area Managers have one to one meetings with suppliers and their representatives. Arrange the workshops or training if necessary. Shareholders: Share holders should be able to find information on websites. And also they should be told by their monthly reports and through the Agents. Local communities: Making sure local communities are also on boat by contacting them through their club card statements and displaying banners or posters inside the shops.

The character of Simon appears different from the other boys in many :: English Literature

The character of Simon appears different from the other boys in many ways. What effect does this give, and why has Golding used such a character for a contribution to the novel as a whole? Use a study of character to justify your response, and closely ... The character of Simon appears different from the other boys in many ways. What effect does this give, and why has Golding used such a character for a contribution to the novel as a whole? Use a study of character to justify your response, and closely analyze one passage describing Simon. The novel ‘Lord of the Flies’, written in the early 1950’s is an allegorical, adventure story; a castaway story about the loss of innocence. Within this novel William Golding presents many ideas and themes on levels which require a depth of consideration, but which can also be interpreted in different ways by all. The main theme Golding puts forward is the idea the book is based around. The island is a microcosm of the world, and so the behaviour in which the boys partake represents that of society. Therefore, the degeneration of civilization which occurs, shows that society holds everyone together, without the restraints and rules of society, man loses sense of right and wrong, and anarchy and savagery can come to light. The beast within will slowly but surely reveal itself, when there is nothing to hold it back, leading to a return to primal states, ultimately resulting in afore said savagery. The novel shows that it is Golding’s belief that the human impulse is not as deeply rooted to civilization, as it is to savagery. The novel shows our morals come directly from our surroundings, and the boys’ behaviour justifies this as their surroundings are changed. Most of the boys do encounter these changes, except for one. Simon. He stands on an entirely different plane from the rest of the boys. Although he is younger than Jack, Ralph and Piggy, he is good, pure and has the most positive outlook. He is insistent that even in the worst of situations, they will be rescued, even when the likes of Ralph are doubting the odds. Simon seems to have a spiritual human goodness which is deeply connected with nature. He is kind to the younger children, and sees the good within all. He is the first, and perhaps the only one to realize that the beast on the island is not in the physical form, but the evil which lurks within all human beings, - ‘â€Å"What I mean is †¦maybe it’s only us†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ‘Simon became inarticulate

In Euripdes play medea Essay

In Euripides play Medea, the character of Medea is commonly described as being both manic and wicked. I do agree that throughout the play Medea does show herself to be manic individual and does commit a number of â€Å"wicked† acts, but I do not believe that she as much wicked as she is unstable, there are many other factors that need to be taken into account. Medea is a strong powerful woman in a time and society in which woman were considered weak and did not have a voice. Throughout the play Medea is shown as being completely other, she has supernatural powers and is from a far away land, and will do anything she feels fit for what she believes to be right, even if these acts could be considered wicked â€Å"a foreign woman coming among new laws, new customs, needs the skill of magic†. The men around her throughout the play treat her differently due to this â€Å"otherness† not so much respecting her but not talking to her as he would an Athenian woman. Before the play is set Medea has committed a number of atrocious crimes; killing her own brother in order to escape her father and coercing the daughters of Pelios into killing their own father after he wronged Jason. While it is hard, especially from a modern perspective, to in any way justify these acts, one can also see that she does not commit these crimes for no reason, she doesn’t kill randomly and at no point in the play does Medea suggest she takes pleasure in the act of ending a life. It seems that instead she behaves as she feels she must to do what is necessary even if that involves killing those who oppose or harm her. In my opinion this seems to so much as wicked as mentally unstable. Throughout the play Medea acts in a way that is manic, it is clear that all those around her are worried about her state of mind. Even Her own nurse, someone who would have known Medea intimately having raised her and travelled to Greece with her, fears what Medea might do drawing particular attention to what she may do to her children in hopes of getting revenge on Jason â€Å"I’ve watched her watching them like a wild bull†. Creon, King of Corinth and father of the woman for whom Jason has left Medea for, fears that Medea may wish to cause harm to him and his own and as a result of this fear plans to exile Medea â€Å"My blood runs cold to think what plots you may be nursing deep within your heart†. At this point in the play despite the suspense being built it is hard for one not to pity Medea’s plight, her husband has abandoned her, she has no family to turn to so without her husbands support a lonely greek woman would have had little way of supporting herself in a manner that was respectable especially if she had been exiled. Medea’s state of mind is one of great turmoil, for the opening scene of the play we do not see Medea herself instead Medea is heard lamenting her fate, another example of Medea’s insanity. Many believe that that Jason was solely responsible for Medea’s many wicked deeds. If Medea had never met Jason than she would have never left her family, never killed her brother and never had to live in a society in which she is a cultural alien. Everything she did was done for Jason, she is a passionate woman and her love for Jason was intense her nurse describing her as being â€Å"mad with love† and Jason’s disloyalty. Divorce was not uncommon in Greek society and at one point in the play the chorus, who throughout had been on Medea’s side, believe she is behaving in a way that is too melodramatic â€Å"this thing is common why let it anger you†, but in my opinion that for a woman who was already unstable, Jason’s cruel betrayal and Creon’s exile was enough to have push Medea over the edge â€Å"I shall strike dead father daughter, and my husband†. Jason leaves Medea and her children in favour of another woman, two reasons are given for this betrayal Jasons claims that he wished for a wife that would be politically advantageous â€Å"What luckier chance could I have met, than marriage with a King’s daughter,† and Medea’s nurse, who resents Jason, claims that it was because Jason wanted a younger prettier girl â€Å"Jason is a prisoner in a princess’s bed†. Whatever the reason Jason abandons Medea and her children in a cruel way, Jason claims he planned to support her and her children â€Å"It is not for the sake of any women that I have made this royal marriage, but as i have already said to ensure your future†. However he does not make any mention of this until after Medea has been exiled and he no longer plans to offer this support. All of Medea’s crimes are committed by way of a punishment for betraying her. She is even willing to kill her own children to punish Jason despite her love for them, she is convinced that it is the only way that she can truly punish Jason is by killing those he loves†This is the way to deal Jason the deepest wound†. It would seem that there is still a part of Medea that loves Jason as she does not simply kill him. Despite Medea’s motivation and justification for her crime, there is no avoiding the fact that Medea’s actions are evil, she killed her own children, who had never ever done anything to hurt her and who loved her and trusted her â€Å"what have they to do with their father’s wickedness†. She also killed Creon whose only crime was to wish to protect his daughter â€Å"I’d rather make you my enemy now, than weaken, then later pay with tears†, even Glauce despite being the woman who Jason left Medea for, was not truly at fault she didn’t chose Jason she was offered it was her duty to marry the man chosen for her. From the very start we know that Medea is planning some type of revenge which in Greek society was perfectly acceptable, but even they would see her crimes as being unforgivably wicked. The audience, as the play progresses, switch from pitying Medea ,to pitying Jason, Jason has over the years used Medea for his own gain, but nobody deserves to lose their own children â€Å"killed my sons? the words kill me† . Medea’s revenge is justified but she takes it to far, showing herself to be both manic and wicked. In conclusion, it is possible to say that Medea is manic, she kills all those that get in her way, and any that she needs to in order to complete her revenge. Despite this it seems hard to describe her as being completely evil, while she has killed many, she does not kill randomly, she only kill those that have wronged her, and she never kills for pleasure. So while she is most definitely dangerously unstable and capable of truly evil acts, I do not think she is truly evil.

The Many Aspects of Alzheimers Disease - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 731 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Alzheimer's Disease Essay Did you like this example? In general, dementia is defined as a category of brain conditions that cause the individual to gradually lose his or her ability to effectively communicate and think properly (Alzheimers Disease, 2017, p. 1). Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia and affects approximately one out of every eight Americans over the age of 65 (A. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Many Aspects of Alzheimers Disease" essay for you Create order W. Lerner, A. C. Lerner, 2009, p. 15). As the years progress, more treatments are being found, and researchers are hopeful that a cure will be found one day. While focusing on the several aspects and struggles that an Alzheimers patient experiences both past and future, possible treatment plans and cures can also be evaluated. While many aspects of Alzheimers disease exist, many statistics have been gathered by researchers in the United States about this disease. In general, dementia is defined as a category of brain conditions that cause individuals to gradually lose their abilities to effectively communicate and think properly (Alzheimers Disease, 2017, p. 1). It is the fifth leading cause of death for elderly individuals over the age of 65 in the United States, and in 2007, it was estimated that about 5.1 million people were living with Alzheimers disease (A. W. Lerner, A. C. Lerner, 2009, p. 15). Alzheimers was named after a German doctor named Alois Alzheimer because he first detailed the characteristics of the disease in 1906 (A. W. Lerner, A. C. Lerner, 2009, p. 15)(Perry, 2006, p. 6). Alzheimers didnt receive a lot of attention until Emil Kraepelin released his book called Textbook of Psychiatry in 1910, so he is also commonly thought of as its cofounder (Perry, 2006, p. 410). It was officially r ecognized as a disease in the 1970s (Lock, 2013, p. 49). Some risk factors make certain types of people more susceptible to the development of Alzheimers than others. In general, the older an individual is, the more likely they are to experience Alzheimers disease (A. W. Lerner, A. C. Lerner, 2009, p. 49). In fact, each decade after age 65, the risk for Alzheimers disease doubles for the general population (Alzheimers Disease, 2017, p. 4). Another risk factor is the presence of high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, or heart disease because these conditions can lead to damaged blood vessels which can lead to Alzheimers (New Hope for Alzheimers, 2013, p. 2). Other individuals at risk include those whove experienced a head injury, those who are considered to be obese, and those who smoke (Alzheimers Disease, 2017, p. 6). A well-known fact is that if an individuals parent or sibling has been diagnosed with Alzheimers, then the individuals chance of also developing this disease increases depending on the specific case (p. 5). A gene called APOE is linked with late-onset Alzheimers which is categorized as any form of this disease found after age 65 (Alzheimers Disease Fact Sheet, 2016, p. 4). Several forms of this gene exist, and one of them is known as APOE e4 which increases the likelihood that the individual carrying the gene will experience early-onset Alzheimers, which is diagnosed between ones 30s to early 60s. Many Down Syndrome individuals also develop Alzheimers because they have an extra twenty-first chromosome, which is the same gene that creates substances called amyloid plaques which then form the basis for Alzheimers disease (Alzheimers Disease Fact Sheet, 2016, p. 4). Alzheimers disease cant be prevented altogether, but certain methods may help some individuals reduce their risk of developing this disease. One way to hopefully prevent the disease is by engaging in aerobic exercise because it improves peoples ability to effectively complete tasks which involve thinking and analyzing (Setti, Hunsberger, Reed, 2017, p. 351). One study supporting this assertion is one in which older rodents were allowed to run on an exercise wheel, and it was discovered that those that exercised, experienced an increase in neuron production compared to the rodents that didnt. Another method known as the Mediterranean diet has been discovered to lower the risk of cardiovascular issues and Alzheimers disease (Alzheimers Disease, 2017, p. 7). The Mediterranean diet is beneficial because it helps individuals increase the amount of omega-3 fatty acids in their bodies which support the upkeep of cell membranes and overall brain activity (Setti, Hunsberger, Reed, 2017, p. 352). This diet includes: fresh fruits and vegetables, healthy oils, nuts, and many other foods similar to the ones listed (Alzheimers Disease, 2017, p. 7). Lastly, in order for an individual to prevent or slow down the progression of this disease, one must maintain a consistent and healthy environment with caregivers who know the specialized communication techniques needed for these unique patients (L. Walsh, personal interview, April 2, 2018).